Sampling design and recruitment

Each round for the IBBSS utilized respondent driven sampling given into the concealed nature of MSM and therefore enables contrast between and across rounds. Respondent sampling that is drivenRDS) was described at length in past studies 22, 23. Shortly, RDS is really a modified chain referral sampling that is non-random of recruitment that adjusts for the non-randomness utilizing a mathematical model that loads each sample recruited 23. Inclusion criteria ended up being male aged 16 years and above with a history of dental and/or anal contact that is sexual another guy within the six months before the survey. Known MSM, designated as “seeds” began the chain for the recommendation community and make use of vouchers to recruit their peers in to the research. Ten seeds were chosen for every circular and seeds were diversified by age, academic status and socioeconomic status. In order to avoid an over-representation of MSM with comparable attributes, vouchers restricted to three per recruit was utilized 23, 24. In addition, in order to avoid perform enrollment, only 1 screener ended up being utilized, just one individual ended up being authorized to reimburse MSM that has effectively recruited their peers and just one location had been utilized. Each voucher ended up being redeemable and yielded N500 approx. $3 USD as a motivation for participating, with an extra N500 provided to a recruit for every effective participant that is additional. Total payment had been limited by a compensation that is maximum of approximately $12 USD. Sample size when it comes to 2007 IBBSS had been approximated centered on a thought HIV prevalence of 15%, a design effectation of 2.0 and amount of accuracy of 0.05. For the 2010 and 2014 IBBSS, test size ended up being projected to identify a 10% differ from the subsequent round.

Data collection

Structured close-ended interviewer administered questionnaires elicited information about socio-demographic traits, variety of intercourse lovers and intimate danger actions. Interviews had been carried out in MSM organizations that are friendly in each of the research states. Transactional sex had been evaluated both with feminine and male lovers. Variety of rectal intercourse practiced ended up being classified as “insertive penile intercourse” or “receptive penile intercourse” within the past a few months. HIV danger perception ended up being examined by asking MSM “do you might be feeling you are vulnerable to illness with HIV? ” with reaction choices being “yes or no”. Consistent condom use with intimate lovers during transactional and non-transactional intercourse ended up being examined by asking the concerns “how frequently did you or your male partner work with a condom each time you had intercourse within the last 6 months? ” while condom usage at final intercourse ended up being evaluated by the concern “the last time you’d anal intercourse did you or your partner make use of a condom? ”. Transactional sex ended up being evaluated by asking “have you received gift or money in return for intercourse within the last a few months? ” Penned consent ended up being acquired from all individuals for both behavioural and biological aspects of the study.

Laboratory testing

Detection of HIV during all of the studies had been regularly carried out by quick test utilizing whole bloodstream samples acquired from the little finger prick. In line with the nationwide HIV evaluating guideline, a synchronous algorithm of Determine (Alere Medical, USA) and Unigold (Trinity Biotech, Plc, Bray, Ireland) had been utilized to determine HIV sero-positivity while status of discordant tests ended up being verified if you use Stat Pak (Chembio Diagnostic Systems, ny, United States Of America).

Information administration and analysis

Data from each research state had been entered centrally utilizing CS professional version 3.2 and 25% of questionnaires underwent double-data entry to make sure information quality. Behavioural and biological information had been linked by research unique recognition quantity for every single participant. Information from each round had been merged and analyzed STATA that is using 14.0 Corporation). Descriptive statistics of demographic, behavioural, and variables that are biological conducted. The Cochran-Armitage Chi Square trend test had been used to compare differences when considering categorical factors across various rounds of IBBSS, whilst the Kruskal-Wallis test had been utilized to compare variations in continuous russian brides factors across different rounds of IBBSS. To measure associations between HIV and predictor factors (Tables), bivariate logistic regression analysis ended up being carried out with p value ?0•2 designated as the cutoff for inclusion in multivariate logistic regression models. Factors were retained when they attained a p value ?0•05 within the multivariate analysis. The predictor factors had been predicated on information from literary works that revealed a connection involving the factors and HIV.

Sociodemographics

Table 1 highlights the sociodemographic information of MSM over the three rounds associated with IBBSS. An overall total of 897, 1545 and 3611 MSM had been surveyed in 2007, 2010 and 2014 correspondingly. A number of the participants had been aged 20–24 years in 2007 (61%) and 2014 (46%), whilst in 2010, almost half (47%) associated with the participants had been 25 years or older. Over 85% associated with the participants had never ever hitched in each round regarding the study. Greater part of the participants had finished at the very least additional degree training, and also this ended up being greatest among participants in 2007 with 63per cent accompanied by participants in 2014 (55%).

Intimate danger Behaviours

The median wide range of insertive anal lovers had been constant between 2007 and 2010 with about 50% for the participants reporting insertive anal sex (IAS) with at the least two lovers interquartile range (IQR 1–4) within the last few six months. For receptive anal sex (RAS), a median of two partners that are sexual reported in 2007 although it had been one partner both in 2010 and 2014. Overall, about a third had engaged in transactional intercourse in 2007 (95% self- self- confidence period (CI): 30–36%) and 2014 (32–35%), although it was about two-fifths this year (36–41%). Consistent condom use, whenever intercourse ended up being offered increased steadily from 35% (27–44%) to 79per cent (74–83%) between 2007 and 2014. Likewise, constant condom use within days gone by half a year ahead of the study during compensated intimate encounters increased from 35% (30–41%) in 2007 to 61% (58–64%) in 2014. For non-commercial lovers, consistent condom usage increased from 32per cent (29–36%) in 2007 to 51percent (49–53%) in 2014. For self-reported experiences of sexually transmitted illness (STI), there is a growth from 7% (5–9%) in 2007 to 15percent (13–17%) this year and 19per cent (17–20%) in 2014.