Russia’s agriculture.

Russian agriculture.

Russian agriculture is a large sector of the Russian economy. The share of agriculture in gross value added in Russia â€” about 4,5 % (2016) [1] . The share of employment in agriculture by 9 % (2015) [2] .

The volume of agricultural production in Russia in 2017 amounted to 5.7 trillion rubles ($100 billion). The leading sector is growing, accounting for 54% of the volume of agricultural production, the share of livestock â€” 46 %. The structure of agricultural production by type of farm: agricultural organizations â€” 53 %, households â€” 35 %, farmers 13 % [3] . The value of gross output of agriculture made up 5.11 trillion R in 2018. [4]

Russia is a major exporter of agricultural products. In particular, wheat export, Russia occupies the 1st place among the countries of the world [5] [6] . Total exports of food and agricultural products from Russia has reached the highest value in 2018 to 25 billion dollars [7] [8] .

The contents.

History [ edit | edit code ]

Until 1918 [ edit | edit the code ]

In the early XX century in the Russian Empire, agriculture was the dominant sector of agriculture. Grain crops accounted for 88.6 per cent of all crops. Gross production for the years 1901-1913 reached an average of about 4 billion rubles (about $ 2.1 billion.) when all products of field crops in 5 billion roubles.

Grain was the main export item of Russia. So, in 1913 the proportion of grain products accounted for 47 % of total exports and 57% of agricultural exports. The export was more than half of all marketable grain (1876-1888 â€” 42,8 %, 1911-1913- 51 %).

In 1909-1913 grain exports reached its maximum size â€” 11.9 million tons of grain, of which 4.2 million tons of wheat and 3.7 MMT of barley. 25% of exports gave the Kuban. On the world market of grain exports from Russia amounted to 28.1 % of total world exports. When the total cultivated area is about 80 million hectares (105 million ha in 1913), grain yield, however, was one of the lowest in the world. Major commodity producer of grains (over 70 %) were landlords and wealthy peasants, the proportion of the main mass of the peasantry (15-16 million individual peasant farms) in commercial products was about 28 % at the level of marketability of approximately 15 % (47% from the landlords and 34% of wealthy peasants).

The energy capacity of agriculture was $ 23.9 million HP (1 HP = 0,736 kW), of which only 0.2 million mechanical horsepower (less than 1 %). Power of farms did not exceed 0.5 HP (1 worker), energy security â€” 20 HP (per 100 ha of crops). Almost all agricultural work is done manually or by using the live thrust.

In 1910, at the disposal of households was 7.8 million, ROC and ROE, 2.2 million 4.2 million of wooden and iron ploughs, 17.7 million wooden harrows. Mineral fertilizers (mostly imported) accounted for no more than 1.6 kg per hectare of crop (in the landlords and kulaks).

Agriculture has conducted extensive methods; productivity of agriculture and livestock was low (i.e., the grain harvest in 1909-18 â€” about 7.4 t/ha, average milk yield per cow is about 1000 kg). The backwardness of agriculture, his dependence on natural conditions was the cause of frequent crop failures, massive loss of livestock; in the lean years of the famine had reached millions of households.

The country’s agriculture was undermined by the First world and Civil wars. According to the national agricultural census of 1917, able-bodied male population in the village decreased in comparison with 1914 by 47.4 %; the number of horses is the main draft power â€” from 20.9 million to 12.8 million. [quote?] Decreased livestock and crops, reduced yields of agricultural crops. The country began a food crisis.

In 1914, the area of cultivated land in the Russian Empire amounted to 97.5 million hectares, meadows â€” 33.3 million ha Average wheat yield of 8.2 t/ha [9] [not in citation given] .

Soviet period [ edit | edit the code ]

In 1923, the grain crops amounted to 63.9 million ha. In 1927, the total sown area amounted to 112.4 million ha. the Average yield of grain crops for the years 1924-1928 was 7.5 t/ha.

In December 1927 at the XV Congress of the CPSU(b) was declared to be the policy of collectivization of agriculture. By 1938 were collectivized 93 % of farms and 99.1 % of the cultivated area. The energy capacity of agriculture has increased over 1928-40 with 21.3 million HP to 47.5 million; per 1 employee â€” from 0.4 to 1.5 HP per 100 ha of crops â€” from 19 to 32 HP the Introduction of farm machinery, the increase in the number of qualified personnel has resulted in a substantial growth of production of main agricultural products.

In 1940 the gross output of agriculture has increased compared to 1913 by 41 %; increased productivity of crops, productivity of farm animals. The main producing units in agriculture are the collective and state farms.

In 1978, the RSFSR was compiled record of the Soviet period, grain crop of 127 million tons.

In 1986 in the RSFSR were collected 30.9 million tons of sugar beet, 43.5 million tons of potatoes, 3.0 million tons of sunflower produced 52.6 million tons of milk, 8.9 million tons of meat. [11]

1990-ies [ edit | edit the code ]

In the 1990-ies Russian agriculture was in acute crisis. At the peak of the recession in 1998, the volume of agricultural production in Russia amounted to only 53% of the 1989 level. [12] . The biggest drop has been in animal husbandry, meat production fell by more than 2 times.

Since 1999, the agriculture went to increase [12] .

2000-ies [ edit | edit the code ]

In the 2001/2002 agricultural year Russia for the first time in many years, exported a significant amount of grain â€” more than 7 million tons. Russia is among the ten leading countries in the export of wheat in the top five â€” in the export of barley [13] .

In 2002 under the land reform act was passed, which authorized the purchase/sale of agricultural land. [14]

In 2003, a decision was made on the introduction of quotas on meat imports. This contributed to the growth of the Russian meat production [15] .

In 2006, Russia had launched the priority national project “Development of agriculture”, aimed at stimulating the development of agriculture by providing massive state support to agricultural producers.

At the end of 2000-ies Russia’s agriculture grew by 42 %. Growth of crop production was outstripping (57 %), according to the total volume of production of the industry fully overcome the consequences of the crisis of 1990-ies. Animal increased by 27 %. [12] Improved the structure of agricultural production: the share of agricultural enterprises and farmers in the production volume increased from 45% to 53 %. [16] the Russian exports of food and agricultural raw materials increased by 10 times and amounted to $9.97 billion in 2009. [17]

2010-ies [ edit | edit the code ]

In 2014, it reached a peak value of food exports to Russia in size 18.9 billion dollars [18] .

In 2015, agricultural growth was 2.6 % [12] meat Production has reached record levels in the post-Soviet period. [19] .

In 2016, the growth of agricultural production accelerated to 4.4 %. [12] obtained the record in the modern history of Russia the grain crops (119 million tons), including wheat, corn, buckwheat, sorghum, and sugar beet, sunflower, soybean, vegetables [20] [21] [22] . For the year for the first time Russia took the 1st place in the world in wheat exports, ahead of the United States and Canada. Abroad, it sold 25 million tons of wheat, 14% more than in the previous year [23] . Due to the record sugar beet harvest, Russia became a major exporter of sugar [24] . Also the first time Russia has occupied 1-e a place in the world in export of coriander [25] . Russia has also entered in 10-ku the largest world producers of soybeans.

In 2016, the volume of food exports has increased in comparison with 2015 by 4% and reached $ 17 billion. [26] . Exports of agricultural products and food exceeded arms exports (15.3 billion dollars) [27] . Was held all-Russian agricultural census.

In 2017, the active growth of agriculture continued, the index of agricultural production grew by 2.4 %. Received a record harvest of grain (over 134 million tons) [28] [29] [30] . The exports of agricultural products from Russia totaled a record $20.7 billion [8] [31] According to the results of the 2017/2018 marketing year for the first time Russia has occupied 2-e a place among world countries in terms of grain exports (in the previous agricultural year it occupied 4-e a place) and again took 1st place in the export of wheat. [6] [29]

By the end of 2018 was set a new record agricultural exports from Russia, 25 billion dollars (+20% to previous year). [7]

In February 2019, Rosstat raised its estimate of grain harvest in Russia in 2018 to 113,255 million tonnes (in January, the Ministry of agriculture â€” to 110 million tons). The volume of exports (as of October 2018, and less trade with countries of the Eurasian economic Union) amounted to more than 18 million tons of grain, which is 17 % higher than the same period last year [32] .

Industry [ edit | edit the code ]

Crop [ edit | edit the code ]

Because finding the most part of the country in the North, the share of agricultural land accounts for 13 % of the total area of Russia (including arable land â€” 8 %) [33] . Russia is 10 % of all arable land in the world. Over 4/5 of arable land in Russia is the Central Volga region, Northern Caucasus, the Urals and Western Siberia. The majority (70 %) of agricultural land is located in the European part of the country (including 18.7% in the Volga, the 16.2 â€” in the Urals, an 11.5 â€” in North-Caucasian economic regions), and in the Urals is the Eastern-Siberian economic region â€” 16,3 % [34] . According to the agricultural census of 2016, 44% of farmland in Russia is not used [35] [36] .

A large part of the cultivated area is used for cereals and legumes (59% in 2015), including wheat â€” 34 %, barley â€” 11 %, oats 4 %, maize â€” 3 %. The remainder â€” forage crops (21 %), industrial crops (16 %), potatoes and melons (4 %). [37]

Main crops: [20] :

grain (gross harvest in 2016 â€” 119 million tons, 4th place in the world) [38][39] ; including wheat â€” 70 million tons, a historical high [40] , in 2017, this record was beaten â€” 85 million tonnes [41] ; sugar beet (48 million tons, 1st in the world) [42] ; the sunflower seed (11 mln tons, 2nd largest in the world) [43] ; soybean (3.2 million tonnes); potatoes (31 million tons, 3rd largest in the world) [38][44] ; vegetables (16 million tonnes).

In 2017 harvested a record amount of grain and leguminous crops â€“ 135.4 million tonnes (in weight after processing), which is 11.2% more than in 2016, and by 35.3% more than the average annual production in 2012-2016. In 2017 collected at 85.8 million tonnes (in weight after processing) wheat, which is the main export crop, or 17.1% more than in 2016, and 50.4% higher average annual production in 2012-2016. Such crop of wheat in the country’s history.

In 2017 collected a record number of buckwheat â€“ 1.5 million tons (in 2016 â€“ 1.2 million tonnes) and rapeseed â€“ 1.5 million tons (in 2016 998,9 thousand tons). Canola production in 2017 is 34.9% more than its average annual production in 2012-2016. In 2017, the gross harvest of oilseeds soybean amounted to 3.6 million tons, which is 1.6 times higher than the average for the years 2012-2016 (2.3 million t) and by 14.1% more than in 2016 (3.1 million t).

In 2016-2017 received the highest fees of vegetable croppage in 2017, made up 16.33 million tonnes, which is above the record level in 2016 by 0.3%, or 50 kt, and 16.6% higher than in 2012. Stable dynamics of growth in greenhouse horticulture. In 2017, the gross harvest of greenhouse vegetables amounted to 938,3 million tonnes, which is 15.3% higher volumes in 2016 and 62.5% higher than in 2012. [45]

Gross harvest of agricultural crops in Russian Federation (farms of all categories; thousand tons)* [46] Grains and pulses Year Total Wheat Rye Barley Oats Corn Millet Buckwheat Rice, Triticale [47] Sorghum Legumes 2018 113255 72136 1916 16992 4719 11419 217 932 1038 401 49 3436 2017 135539 86003 2549 20629 5456 13208 316 1525 987 501 104 4262 2016 120677 73346 2548 17967 4766 15282 629 1187 1081 620 312 2940 2015 104729 61811 2088 17499 4538 13138 572 861 1110 565 193 2354 2014 [48] 105 212 59 713 3283 20 377 5280 11 290 493 662 1049 654 219 2192 2013 92419 52140 3361 15387 4948 11606 419 834 935 582 172 2035 2012 70941 37767 2133 13949 4042 8187 333 797 1052 464 45 2172 2011 94247 56293 2971 16935 5342 6937 878 800 1056 523 60 2451 2010 61007 41555 1635 8354 3225 3068 133 339 1061 258 9 1370 2009 97024 61663 4333 17877 5406 3953 264 564 913 508 13 1529 2008 108188 63781 4504 23151 5838 6672 710 924 738 … 76 1793 2007 81478 44927 3909 15559 5384 3795 417 1004 705 … 40 1291 2006 78227 44927 2959 18037 4860 3510 599 865 681 … 35 1754 2005 77803 47615 3622 15684 4545 3060 455 605 571 … 28 1618 2004 77832 45434 2864 17088 4937 3373 1113 649 470 … 44 1861 2003 66962 34070 4147 17926 5169 2031 974 525 448 … 33 1639 2002 86479 50622 7122 18678 5683 1499 293 302 488 … 27 1764 2001 85084 46996 6632 19478 7719 808 550 574 496 … 35 1797 2000 65420 34460 5444 14039 6002 1489 1124 997 584 … 83 1197 1999 54637 30997 4781 10576 4393 1034 925 578 443 … 32 879 1998 47771 26995 3266 9765 4656 800 451 465 412 … 8 954 1997 88461 44235 7476 20752 9383 2652 1216 628 328 … 12 1779 1996 69195 34834 5928 15913 8326 1081 441 482 389 … 9 1792 1995 63406 30118 4098 15786 8562 1738 488 597 462 … 13 1541 1994 81297 32128 5989 27054 10757 892 482 781 523 … 12 2677 1993 99094 43547 9166 26843 11556 2441 1128 806 688 … 21 2898 1992 106856 46167 13887 26989 11241 2135 1535 1038 754 … 28 3080 1991 89094 38899 10639 22174 10372 1969 1040 688 773 … 33 2506 1990 116676 49596 16431 27235 12326 2451 1946 809 896 … 62 4922 industrial crops Oilseeds Rapeseed Year Seeds of flax Fiber flax Sugar beets Total Sunflowers for grain Soybeans Mustard Total winter Rape spring Rape (colza) 2018 7 37 42066 19525 12756 4027 124 1989 344 1644 2017 8 39 51913 16497 10481 3622 98 1510 339 1171 2016 8 41 51325 16271 11015 3143 73 1001 167 834 2015 8 45 38989 13854 9289 2716 67 1013 267 747 2014 [48] 6 37 33476 12870 8481 2371 93 1336 452 884 2013 5 39 29292 13150 9852 1520 50 1259 391 868 2012 7 46 45031 10574 7501 1688 38 945 157 789 2011 6 43 47609 12234 9069 1648 82 957 291 667 2010 5 35 22241 7463 5347 1226 36 671 395 275 2009 9 52 24863 8192 6458 946 24 667 308 359 2008 7 52 28984 8976 7352 747 31 752 247 506 2007 7 47 28832 7039 5672 651 11 630 227 404 2006 5 36 30673 8218 6743 805 64 522 127 395 2005 10 56 21276 7557 6470 686 63 304 142 162 2004 13 58 21809 5726 4810 554 55 277 154 123 2003 11 55 19355 5580 4887 392 86 192 45 147 2002 15 38 15659 4275 3688 423 35 115 53 63 2001 23 58 14553 3182 2682 350 28 113 62 51 2000 18 51 14051 4473 3919 342 46 149 62 87 1999 11 24 15226 4673 4149 334 43 135 15 120 1998 9 34 10796 3426 2993 295 7 125 48 76 1997 15 23 13879 3275 2829 280 58 104 33 71 1996 21 59 16165 3225 2763 283 39 135 24 110 1995 27 69 19072 4667 4200 290 47 123 11 113 1994 22 54 13946 3154 2553 422 51 122 13 110 1993 25 58 25468 3455 2765 497 79 97 20 77 1992 44 78 25548 3883 3110 505 69 164 67 98 1991 44 102 24280 3820 2896 622 80 181 83 98 1990 48 71 32327 4662 3427 717 192 258 105 153 Vegetables [49] Year Potatoes Just Cabbage of all kinds Cucumbers Tomatoes Beetroot Carrot Onion Garlic Zucchini Pumpkin dining room other vegetables [50] the Vegetable open and protected ground Melons food, culture 2018 22395 11853 2519 703 2071 838 1408 1642 212 560 630 1190 13685 1970 2017 21708 11979 2706 669 1966 784 1438 1794 206 531 635 1129 13612 1815 2016 22463 11698 2743 711 1741 816 1451 1634 203 554 643 1098 13181 1884 2015 25406 11881 2768 759 1722 825 1404 1736 204 606 713 1038 13185 1783 2014 [48] 24284 11552 2701 795 1793 819 1310 1651 209 505 688 980 12821 1531 2013 24021 11445 2713 791 1758 810 1324 1718 197 466 627 971 12597 1492 2012 24542 11724 2774 845 1852 837 1326 1841 210 497 560 909 12792 1534 2011 27985 12470 3055 957 1871 933 1509 1927 209 547 573 816 13036 1647 2010 18498 10437 2396 977 1821 737 1154 1411 196 485 481 722 11002 1233 2009 28429 11854 2978 987 1986 915 1390 1485 214 548 572 706 12442 1489 2008 27123 11793 2945 1016 1829 869 1442 1632 221 500 497 767 12313 1430 2007 26474 10737 2605 965 1751 806 1312 1284 245 476 567 688 11277 878 2006 28260 10830 2751 1005 1927 844 1356 1218 240 381 476 585 11370 774 2005 28137 10796 2830 1034 1855 812 1287 1231 242 407 438 619 11348 775 2004 27876 10675 2944 1000 1662 822 1319 1226 220 408 456 571 11214 781 2003 29358 11214 3401 1029 1704 909 1354 1158 202 427 419 575 11739 799 2002 26923 10139 2860 949 1700 759 1190 1074 210 408 352 580 10665 726 2001 29499 10658 3180 933 1714 820 1312 1096 208 446 405 498 11169 588 2000 29465 10312 3017 948 1509 853 1387 1134 179 486 364 398 10822 537 1999 27998 10528 3549 983 1562 798 1224 993 165 512 304 412 11010 621 1998 28953 9289 2739 1024 1648 745 1127 1009 155 … … 767 9746 404 1997 35138 10164 3003 1097 1608 878 1411 1059 167 … … 812 10630 615 1996 37619 9843 … … … … … … … … … … 10325 490 1995 39909 10727 … … … … … … … … … … 11275 621 1994 33828 9076 … … … … … … … … … … 9621 458 1993 37650 9253 … … … … … … … … … … 9827 597 1992 38330 9333 … … … … … … … … … … 10018 714 1991 34329 9672 … … … … … … … … … … 10425 1033 1990 30848 9538 … … … … … … … … … … 10328 1116 Forage crops annual grasses: perennial grasses: the Year of root crops (including sugar beet for animal feed) for hay for green forage and silage for hay for green forage 2018 450 2211 18426 8670 32354 2017 484 2446 21274 9429 35376 2016 1884 533 2730 18997 33412 2015 657 2198 20198 8966 31919 2014 [48] 725 2269 19353 8927 30387 2013 828 2040 19785 8908 30190 2012 850 1851 17989 7972 27659 2011 1055 2090 25530 9747 30663 2010 731 1359 16430 7594 22825 2009 1114 1563 14552 9284 32911 2008 1214 1588 22922 9891 36420 2007 1205 1474 22116 10522 35576 2006 1450 1573 23531 9958 36344 2005 1520 1597 23649 11192 38340 2004 1981 1781 25254 11562 40295 2003 2162 1883 28066 11548 38566 2002 2254 2024 28133 12393 34755 2001 2756 1903 27306 14256 43137 2000 3079 1989 26981 13951 42365 1999 3024 1946 21986 12297 34193 1998 2688 1953 22736 11226 38205 1997 3938 2876 33764 15959 45470 1996 3885 2793 36133 15851 48953 1995 5144 2570 38686 17349 52556 1994 5272 3763 57231 18863 73526 1993 8050 4139 65132 21036 85067 1992 8688 4174 63283 20544 69208 1991 11604 4478 65867 24843 83742 1990 17217 5631 87254 25207 97623.

*1) Data for the years 2007-2017 are given taking into account the results of the all-Russian agricultural census 2016.

2) Data for triticale stand out as a separate item in the composition of grain and leguminous crops, starting with the results for 2009.

3) Until 2011 in the original recorded weight, in 2011 â€” in weight.

4) For 1997-1998 including zucchini and pumpkin.

Acreage in the USSR and Russia: one year 1940 1945 1950 1970 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 km2 920,76 670,61 889,52 1219,12 1177,1 1025,4 854,19 758,37 751,88 793,19 Source: [51] [52] [53] [54]

Livestock [ edit | edit the code ]

In Russia the development of meat-dairy and meat-wool livestock.

Principal livestock products produced in Russia: [19]

meat (in 2015 produced 9.6 million tons, 4th place in the world) [38] (in 2016 9 929,0 thousand tons) beef (1.6 million tonnes) (in 2016 1 623,5 thousand tons) pork (3.1 million tonnes) (in 2016 3 388,4 thousand tons) poultry meat (4.5 million tonnes) (in 2016 4 630,9 thousand tons) other meat (0.3 million tonnes) (in 2016 to 76.4 thousand tons) Mutton and goat meat in 2016 made in slaughter weight 209,7 thousand tons (465,8 thousand tons in live weight), in 2015 â€” 204,5 thousand tons of milk (30.8 million tonnes) eggs (of 42.6 billion pieces) wool (56 thousand tonnes) honey (68 thousand tons)

In the production structure of all types of meat in 2016 is dominated by poultry meat is 46.6 %, pork accounted for 34.1 %, beef â€” by 16.4 %, for Ovine and Caprine meat â€” 2,1 %, other types of meat â€” 0,8 %. Even 15 years before that, in 2001, the share of poultry meat (19.8 per cent) was lower than the share of beef (42,0 %) and pork (33,8 %). Note that the share of pork in total meat production over several years has remained relatively stable (32-34 %). [55]

Production of main livestock products in the Russian Federation (thousand tonnes) [56] Data for the years 2007-2017 are given taking into account the results of the all-Russian agricultural census 2016. Cattle and poultry for slaughter (in slaughter weight) Year Total cattle Pigs Sheep and goats Poultry Milk Eggs (million pieces) Wool (in physical weight, tons) Honey (tons) 2018 10629,4 1608,1 3744,2 223,8 4980,0 30611,2 44901,2 55471 65006 2017 10319,0 1569,3 3515,7 219,5 4941,0 30184,5 44829,2 56733 65167 2016 9853,3 1588,8 3355,1 213,2 4622,4 29787,2 43514,5 56006 69222 2015 9518,5 1617,1 3083,2 203,8 4540,9 29887,5 42509,6 55495 67120 2014 9026,0 1621,4 2963,6 202,9 4164,3 29995,2 41747,3 56044 74214 2013 8525,3 1608,0 2817 189,6 3838,9 29865,3 41390,0 54442 67767 2012 8077,6 1619,8 2563,3 190,0 3632,2 31196,8 42132,5 55038 64175 2011 7515,7 1608,1 2433,8 188,3 3213,2 31204,3 41288,8 52344 59323 2010 7164,8 1711,5 2337,4 184,4 2855,4 31507,8 40758,9 53443 51006 2009 6715,0 1729,2 2175,6 182,8 2556,1 32315,1 39468,4 54601 53164 2008 6276,7 1762,1 2054,4 173,8 2220,2 32225,7 38077,5 53513 57096 2007 5785,9 1699,8 1929,9 167,5 1924,6 31984,2 38161,8 52013 53720 2006 5278,1 1721,5 1699,2 156,3 1632,1 31339,1 38216,3 50276 55678 2005 4989,5 1809,2 1569,1 154,1 1387,8 31069,9 37139,7 48800 52469 2004 5046,4 1953,9 1685,8 144,8 1192,2 31861,2 35900,7 47359 52964 2003 4993,3 2002,3 1742,6 134,4 1047,7 33315,5 36625,2 44988 48495 2002 4732,8 1967,4 1608,3 136,1 955,7 33462,2 36377,8 42870 49700 2001 4477,4 1878,6 1514,7 134,2 885,7 32874,1 35241,7 40515 52960 2000 4445,8 1897,9 1578,2 140,3 767,5 32259,0 34084,7 40088 54248 1999 4313,0 1867,6 1485,0 143,6 748,1 32273,6 33134,6 40234 51034 1998 4702,8 2246,5 1504,9 178,2 690,2 33255,2 32744,2 47883 49554 1997 4853,9 2394,9 1545,5 199,3 630,3 34135,6 32198,7 60768 48756 1996 5335,8 2630,0 1705,2 229,7 689,6 35818,9 31902,3 76930 46228 1995 5795,8 2733,5 1865,4 261,3 859,2 39240,7 33830,2 93012 57748 1994 6803,3 3240,2 2103,5 315,5 1068,4 42176,2 37476,6 122166 43899 1993 7512,9 3358,8 2432,1 359,2 1276,8 46524,0 40297,1 158390 52747 1992 8260,3 3631,5 2783,5 329,4 1427,8 47236,0 42902,1 178640 49556 1991 9375,2 3989,0 3189,7 347,4 1750,9 51885,5 46874,9 204497 48433 1990 10111,6 4329,3 3480,0 395,0 1801,0 55715,3 47469,7 226743 46091.

Consumption [ edit | edit the code ]

Consumption of basic food products on the Russian Federation (per capita per year; kg) [57] Year Potatoes Vegetables and melons food Fruits and berries meat and Meat products in recalculation on meat Milk and dairy products in terms of milk Eggs and egg products â€” pieces Sugar vegetable Oil Bread products (bread and pasta in terms of flour, flour, cereals and legumes) 2015 112 111 61 73 239 269 39 13,6 118 2014 111 111 64 74 244 269 40 13,8 118 2013 111 109 64 75 248 269 40 13,7 118 2012 111 109 61 74 249 276 40 13,7 119 2011 110 106 60 71 246 271 40 13,5 119 2010 104 101 58 69 247 269 39 13,4 120 2009 112 102 55 66 244 260 37 13,0 118 2008 111 99 53 66 242 252 39 12,7 119 2007 108 93 51 61 240 255 39 12,7 120 2006 110 90 48 58 237 256 39 12,5 121 2005 109 87 46 55 234 250 38 12,1 121 2004 108 85 43 54 232 243 37 11,6 119 2003 109 84 39 52 231 246 36 11,0 120 2002 106 80 39 50 227 244 36 10,5 121 2001 109 81 35 47 219 235 35 10,4 120 2000 109 79 32 45 215 229 35 9,9 117 1999 108 79 27 45 214 221 34 9,3 119 1998 114 74 30 48 220 217 33 8,8 117 1997 122 76 33 50 230 211 33 8,4 118 1996 123 74 31 51 233 208 33 8,0 118 1995 124 76 29 55 254 216 32 7,5 122 1994 123 68 28 57 281 238 31 6,7 124 1993 127 71 29 59 294 251 31 7,0 123 1992 118 77 32 60 282 263 30 6,7 125 1991 113 86 35 69 347 288 38 7,8 121 1990 106 89 35 75 387 297 47 10,2 120.

Export [ edit | edit the code ]

In the structure of food export from Russia the largest share in 2016 had wheat 27.7 per cent of the total food exports. Followed by frozen fish â€” by 12.9 %, sunflower oil â€” 9.5% and corn is 5.6 % [58] .

The main country-importers of food from Russia (as of 2016): China (10 %), Turkey (9 %), Egypt (8 %), South Korea (8 %), Kazakhstan (7 %). [59]

Exports of foodstuffs and agricultural raw materials in 2017 amounted to 20.7 billion US dollars (121,3% by 2016). Increased exports of cereals (27.6%), sunflower, cotton and saflorove or their fractions (29.9%), white sugar (in 5.4 times), pork (1.5 times), poultry meat fresh and frozen (42.1%). [60]

in 2020 Russia almost two months, until July 1, was suspended in connection with the pandemic coronavirus, grain exports outside the Eurasian economic Union. Thus, according to The National Interest, Russia could use export restrictions on wheat as a “political tool” â€” global warming may lead to the strengthening of Russia’s position in the grain market and by 2028 it will be able to control up to 20 % of world exports. [61]

Regions [ edit | edit the code ]

The structure of agricultural production in Russia by Federal districts (as of 2015): [62]

Among the subjects of the Federation leaders in agricultural production are Krasnodar Krai, Rostov oblast and Belgorod oblast. [62]

Altai Krai [ edit | edit the code ]

Altai Krai is a traditional producer of grain, milk, meat, also grown here, sugar beet, sunflower, oil flax, fibre flax, hops, rapeseed and soybeans.

In 2010, Altai Krai took the leading position among the regions of Siberian Federal district for the production of agricultural products. As a percentage of the total for the Siberian Federal district share of the region is 23 %. In particular, increased production of meat, milk and eggs. Compared to the 2008 index of agricultural production in the region, 119,2 %. [63]

Vegetable and potato have utility value, ensuring the needs of the local population. Their plantations are common throughout the region, but mainly concentrated in specialized farms near Barnaul, Biysk and Rubtsovsk. Industrial production of fruits and berries farm enterprises “Gardens of Altai”. In 1954-1960 in the region was developed about 3 million hectares of virgin and fallow lands.

The total land area today is about 16 million hectares, of which 40% is agricultural land. Due to the worsening economic situation of most rural producers, 125,3 thousand hectares of arable land is not treated and accounted for as deposits. [64]

Krasnodar Krai [ edit | edit the code ]

In the economy of Russia, the region stands out as the most important agricultural region of the country (7 % of the gross output of agriculture of Russia, 1-St place in Russia). Krasnodar region â€” leader in terms of gross harvest of grain (10% of Russia’s total) and sugar beet (17,3 %), one of the leading producers of sunflower seeds (15 %) and grape wines (37 %) [65]

As of 1 July 2014 in all categories of farms, there are 554,2 thousand head of cattle, which is 19.1 thousand heads or 3.3 % below last year’s level. [66]

As of 1 July 2014 in the region there are about 13.1 thousand (peasant) farms and individual entrepreneurs engaged in agricultural production, which listed the following livestock: cattle â€” 39,7 thousand heads or to 105.3 % as against the same level of 2013, including cows â€” 14,8 thousand heads or 103.4 %, pigs â€” 4,0 thousand heads or 30.5 %, sheep and goats â€” 40.1 thousand head or 106,1 %, poultry 700,0 thousand heads or 100,1 %. [67]

Arkhangelsk oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

In terms of value is dominated by crop production (56 %). The agricultural area is approximately 584 thousand hectares. Arable land accounts for 46% used in agriculture land. The region is located in the zone of risky agriculture.

The main crops are potatoes and vegetables, due to the fact that soils in the area are not suitable for growing other crops. Crop production is focused on meeting the needs of the region, the main agricultural area is located in the South region.

The leading branch of livestock â€” dairy and beef cattle. In the Arkhangelsk region was developed, and is most common highly productive Kholmogory breed. In the area also raised pigs, sheep, goats, poultry and deer (North).

In the area are farming, widely distributed sea hunting.

Bashkortostan [ edit | edit the code ]

Bashkortostan ranks first in Russia in number of cattle, horses, production of honey and milk, second place for the production of potatoes, the third â€” the production of meat, the fifth â€” the number of pigs, the sixth â€” livestock sheep and goat, the eighth â€” egg production, eleventh in the production of grain. [68]

Widely known in Russia is Bashkir honey. The number of bee families, production of marketable honey, for scientific developments in beekeeping Bashkortostan ranks first in the country. [68]

Belgorod oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

The share of Belgorod region in 2010, Russia’s total meat production totalled more than 11 %, pork â€” 14 %, poultry meat â€” 16.5 per cent. In the area per capita of meat produced 9.4 times more than the national average. Consumption of meat per capita, it ranks first among the regions of Russia (325 kg per person). The President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev of 13 July 2010 on the state Council Presidium meeting on developing and adopting Strategies for the development of meat livestock to 2020: “Belgorod region of Russia the European level. Agricultural production Belogorie shows good growth, especially in terms of development meat cluster.

Belgorod oblast produces poultry 3 times more than Moscow. Meanwhile, the population of Belgorod region is 1.5 million people, and Moscow â€” 7 million”. [69] [70]

Vladimir oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

Specializiruetsya on the growing, dairy-meat cattle breeding and poultry farming. The leading branch of agriculture â€” livestock dairy-meat direction. Ones breed cattle, pigs, sheep, goats.

Planned expansion of canola (for rapeseed oil production), and special varieties of potatoes and vegetables (for processing in the production of vegetable juice). About 25 specialized enterprises engaged in the cultivation of breeding cattle. Several fish farms (the largest of them Vorsha), numerous apiaries.

Voronezh oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

The Voronezh region is a major supplier of agricultural products: it produces grains (mainly wheat), sugar beet, sunflower and other industrial crops, potatoes and vegetables. In General, the profile of agriculture â€” sugar beet with crops of sunflower and grain crops, dairy and beef cattle, pigs and sheep. The coefficient of per capita production of cereals was 2.4 (data from 2002).

Meat production in large and medium-sized farms: [71]

The beginning of 1678, about 8.9 thousand tons of meat in January-February 1996, 12.2 thousand tons.

Ivanovo oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

The leading branch of agriculture â€” livestock dairy and beef, presented by flax, potatoes and forestry.

In 2006, the whole region produced: grain â€” 80.5 thousand tons, potatoes â€” 278,9 thousand tons, vegetables â€” 123,1 thousand tons of cattle and poultry in live weight â€” 34 thousand tons, milk â€” 189 thousand tons, eggs â€” 304.8 million PCs.

The output of agriculture in 2006 was 7.9 billion rubles (8.4 % above 2005).

Ingushetia [ edit | edit the code ]

The volume of production of agriculture of Ingushetia is in Russia, 37th place [72] . The main agricultural crops are cereals, sunflower, vegetables, potatoes. Significant development have also viticulture and tobacco. The crops of corn, wheat, oats, barley, sugar beet [73] . The share of the public sector is not more than 25 %, the remainder being other forms of ownership. The Republic has about 900 farmers.

Agricultural land makes up 222,2 thousand hectares, including arable land of 112.2 thousand ha, perennial plants-2.5 thousand hectares, hayfields â€” 9.6 thousand hectares, pastures â€” 97,9 thousand hectares In the Republic there are 115 large and medium-sized agricultural enterprises [72] .

Irkutsk oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

The area of agricultural land is of 2.69 million hectares of arable land, of 1.88 million hectares. the Area belongs to the zone of risky agriculture. In agriculture area are engaged in cultivation of grain and cattle breeding, reindeer breeding, fur farming, fur trade and fisheries.

Almost half (46 %) of the volume of agricultural produce livestock. Agricultural products of the region, there is half the foodstuffs are imported from other regions.

There are 207 agricultural organizations, 3238 (peasant) farms and 176,6 thousand personal subsidiary farms of the population. The share of the Irkutsk region contributes 1.5 % of the total agricultural production of Russia and 8.9 % of agricultural products of the Siberian Federal district.

Kaliningrad oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

Kirov oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

Leading commercial sector in agricultural production is livestock farming, mostly dairy and beef. The main arable crops: cereals, potatoes, flax and vegetables. Grain structure is dominated by winter rye and fodder culture. Agricultural production provides food security region.

Up to 20 % of livestock production is exported outside the region, mainly in the Northern regions of the country.

Leningrad oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

The agriculture of the region has a strong suburban character, leading the industry â€” dairy and beef cattle, potatoes and vegetables. The animal products significantly dominates agriculture. In the area are more than 60 breeding plants breeding, breeding and improvement of cattle dairy breeds : Ayrshire and black pied(gostinichnaja).

Suggestions Leningrad breeding can be seen in the information trading system “Open tribal market” â€” http://opr.lenagro.org.

A significant part of the harvest of potatoes and vegetables provide private farms of the population. The main vegetable crops are cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, onions, beets. Also in the area of cultivated crops: barley, rye, oats, mainly to feed livestock and poultry.

For the production of poultry meat and eggs in poultry farms in the region takes leading positions in Russia.

In the area there are 6 major feed mills. The largest of them Gatchinsky feed mill.

In addition, in developing farming: breeding mink, muskrat, blue and black and silver Fox and other animals.

Agricultural lands of all categories of July 1, 2006 amounts to 640 thousand hectares, including arable land â€” 337 ha) [74] . The region has more than 200 large and medium agricultural enterprises (former state farms now joint-stock companies). Farms was more than 6,000. In NP “the Union of farmers of Leningrad region and Saint-Petersburg” is officially registered more than 200 farms. More than 10 years working “Agency for agricultural consultancy of the Leningrad region”.

As of 01.01.2013 the year : 47 consultants of various kinds, 10 regional counseling centers. Internet 15 Internet stores for the sale of farm products in Leningrad region http://lenagro.org/katalog-internet-magazinov.html.

Lipetsk oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

Favorable climatic conditions, the presence of black soil, contribute to the development of crop production. The area of farmland is more than 1.8 million hectares, including arable land â€” more than 80 %. 22.3 thousand hectares of land is reserved for orchards, where it is mainly grown apples, pears, plums. In the area there are about 300 agricultural enterprises, the main areas which are: the production of grain, sugar beet, potatoes, cattle, pigs, poultry.

The volume of gross output of agriculture in 2006 amounted to about 24.2 billion rubles.

Currently, a major Russian food company “Cherkizovo” carries out construction in Eletsky district of Lipetsk region of Russia’s largest agro-industrial complex. [75]

Moscow oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

In the Moscow region agriculture is represented by crop and livestock. About 40 % of the territory of the Moscow region used in agriculture; poorly developed agriculture Northern, Eastern and Western outlying areas. In the southern part of the region, especially South of the Oka, more than 50 % of the land used in agriculture. Agriculture has a predominantly suburban character.

Crop production is characteristic mainly for the southern part of the region. Most of the acreage (more than 3/5) occupied by forage crops. Large areas are reserved for grain crops: wheat, barley, oats, rye.

Significant role in crop production in the region is potatoes. Common greenhouse vegetable growing, for example, in Moscow has Europe’s largest greenhouse complex. Also grown flowers, mushrooms (champignons, etc). The animal husbandry dominates agriculture, and primarily focused on the production of milk and meat.

In addition to cattle, are commonly bred pigs and chickens.

Novgorod oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

The profitability of agriculture (2005) to 10.2 %, including:

milk production â€” 15% pork 34% of poultry meat and 40% eggs, 31% potatoes â€” 8% of greenhouse vegetables and 19% of vegetables and 23 %.

90 % of the agricultural enterprises of the region are dairy. A major producer of pork is LLC “Novgorod bacon” (90% of total pork production in the region).

Rostov oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

In the General structure of the earth in Rostov region chernozems account for almost 65 %.

More than 60 % of the gross output of agriculture in the region is in crop production. Of paramount importance in its structure is grain farming, under which employs about half of the acreage. The main crops â€” winter wheat.

Widely distributed maize, rice, millet, buckwheat and other cereal crops, soybeans.

Leading technical crop is sunflower. On the industrial basis created by horticulture and viticulture. Large areas are occupied by vegetable.

In animal agriculture specializiruetsya in the following areas â€” dairy and beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding, horse breeding and poultry farming.

2016 year marked by record achievements of the agroindustrial complex of the Republic. Today is a dynamically developing and very promising sector of the economy, one of the best in the country.

In the Republic received more than 1 million 300 thousand tons of grain, including 190 thousand tonnes of maize for grain. Grain yield was nearly 30 quintals per hectare. This is the best result in the Volga Federal district and the second in the history of the Republic.

Gross harvest of sugar beet amounted to 1160 thousand tonnes with the average yield of 470 kg/ha. It is also the best result in the County and 9th among the regions of Russia. In the current year collected 5.3 thousand tons of peas, the yield was 33.6 t/ha.

This has produced more than 18 million cans of canned green peas, 30% more than in 2015. Up to 15 thousand tons increased production of vegetables in greenhouses with growth to last year’s level by 12 %.

In the winter cattle are stocked 1350 thousand tons of haylage and silage, 135 thousand tons of hay and all harvested 30 quintals of feed units per conventional head of cattle. Farmers of the Republic laid a solid Foundation for harvest in 2017. Winter crops were sown on the area of 182 thousand hectares, including elite seed on 15 hectares.

Full need filled seeds of spring crops (65 thousand tons). Prepared soil for sowing sugar beet.

Ongoing replenishment of agricultural machinery with modern technology. Only in 2016 agricultural organizations of the Republic have purchased 50 new 40 tractors and harvesters. In the livestock industry also achieved a number of record indicators. Thus, the annual volume of production of meat and poultry amounted to 280 thousand tons, including in the public sector 265 thousand tons.

Produced 1 billion 425 million eggs. The gross milk yield in farms of all categories amounted to 407 thousand tons, including in the public sector almost 338 thousand tons with an increase by 2015 by more than 4 %. Milk yield per cow exceeded 5570 kg of milk in the growth of productivity by 300 kg. While several farms Mordovia close to eight line or even crossed it. Recognition of high-quality goods of Mordovia is the successful participation of our farmers in major international and Russian exhibitions.

Only at the last all-Russian exhibition “Golden autumn”, our company got a record number of medals â€” 36 (!), including 26 gold and 10 silver. For the eighth consecutive year of agricultural production of our Republic wins the Grand Prix at this prestigious exhibition.

The Republic of Tatarstan [ edit | edit the code ]

The Republic is among the three leaders among other regions of Russia in terms of agricultural products. In total for the period January-June 2011, the company sold livestock and poultry in live weight 144,1 thousand tons, in the amount of 57.5 billion rubles. The main volume of realization of cattle and poultry in live weight accounted for the municipal areas with predominantly agriculture was 68.8 %

The total sown area of agricultural land in 2011 3082,6 thousand hectares.

The size of cultivated areas in 2011:

No. culture Area 1 1647,3 cereals 2 industrial crops 3 potatoes 242,7 80,9 12,2 4 vegetables 5 forage crops 1099,5.

The number of cattle on March 1, 2013 totaled 1083,3 million heads of his cows â€” of 402.6 thousand heads, the number of pigs amounted to 683,0 thousand heads, sheep and goats â€” 397,4 thousand heads, poultry â€” 15411,3 thousand heads.

Saratov oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

Saratov oblast has traditionally been an agricultural region. The volume of agricultural production the region occupies the 10th place among Russian regions [76] . Agricultural land 8417,6 thousand hectares [77] . A feature of the Saratov region is the high share of private (peasant) farms in total production and acreage. So, in 2009, the proportion of farms cultivated land area amounted to 45 % [78] .

In the left-Bank districts of the Saratov region is grown the valuable wheat with high gluten content.

Sverdlovsk oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

According to a 2006 national agricultural census on the territory of Sverdlovsk region [79] [80] are 829 and agricultural organizations 2178 peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs. Of them in 2006, carried out agricultural activities 513 organizations (including 312 large and medium) and 934 households and individual entrepreneurs. From 311,2 thousand private farms agricultural production was involved in 87 % of households.

Under the 2006 crop was sown 933,3 thousand hectares. Of them:

agricultural organizations â€” 778,4 thousand hectares, peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs and 99.4 thousand hectares of farms of the population â€” 55,6 thousand hectares.

The number of cattle in 2006 was 343,7 thousand heads:

213 thousand heads in the agricultural organizations of 12.9 thousand in peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs to 117.8 thousand heads in farms.

The number of bird|birds on 10.1 million heads in organizations and 0.6 million in peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs.

Smolensk oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

The leading branch of agriculture â€” livestock (more than 55 % of the cost of production) of milk and meat direction. The number of cattle is around 725 thousand head, including 290 thousand cows. Poultry production is concentrated on large poultry farms located in the suburban area of the regional center (JSC “Smetanino”, JSC “Prigorskii”, Divinsky poultry).

The poultry population in 2001 was 2912,9 thousand heads.

Agricultural land area is about 1.75 million hectares (1 % of the area of arable land in Russia) or 35,2 % of its territory. 1.3 million ha is arable land, in the South plowed up to 70 %.

Crop region specializiruetsya on the aft (44 % of the acreage) and wheat (45 %) cultures, the production of flax, potatoes and vegetables. By employing 165 thousand hectares.

Production 2001: Milk â€” 444,2 thousand tons, meat â€” 33 thousand tons, eggs â€” 321 million units, poultry â€” 2,7 thousand tons of grain â€” about 650 thousand tons, potatoes â€” more than 170 thousand tons, vegetables â€” about 120 thousand t.

Overall in 2001, produced goods to the amount 7922,5 million rubles In 2004 10361,7 million rubles.

Tver oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

Agriculture specializiruetsya on dairy and beef cattle, and flax. Significantly developed in pigs and poultry. Being the crops of rye, oats, forage crops; potatoes, vegetables.

At the beginning of 2002 the number of cattle â€” 800,2 thousand heads, of which cows â€” by 1.3 thousand, pigs â€” 400,8 thousand, poultry â€” 3374,5 thousand In 2001 produced: meat (live weight) â€” 600,8 thousand tons, milk -100,5 thousand tons, eggs â€” 0.5 million PCs.

The total area of farmland is 2434,6 thousand hectares, of which arable land more than 60 %. Sown area more 898,9 thousand ha (2001), of which grain crops occupied 200,3 thousand hectares, flax-dolgunets a â€” 22.1 thousand hectares, potatoes â€” 49,2 thousand hectares, vegetables â€” by 10.6 thousand hectares.

In 2001 produced by: grain â€” 206,4 thousand tons, potatoes â€” 604,5 thousand tons of flax fiber, 10.2 thousand tons In 2004, produced goods to 11 331 mln.

Tula oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

Farmland is 1740 hectares (2001), or 68 % of the total area of the region. Arable land is 1465 hectares (84% of agricultural land). In the structure of sown areas 54 % are cereals.

Agriculture is most developed in the southern forest-steppe part of the region, there is widespread cultivation of grain (barley [wheat) and forage crops, sugar beet, meat and milk cattle and pig breeding. In Northern regions dominated by dairy and beef cattle, feed crops and potatoes. The centers received the development of fruit gardening and vegetable growing.

In 2006 produced: milk 145,9 thousand tons; meat â€” 57,8 thousand tons; eggs â€” 523,7 million units; grain â€” 819,0 thousand tons; sugar beet â€” 316,1 thousand tons; potatoes â€” 739,8 thousand tonnes In the valuation of production amounted to 17.8 billion rubles.

Udmurtia [ edit | edit the code ]

Agricultural lands occupy 50% of the territory of the Republic. Livestock is dominated by cattle and pigs, sheep, poultry. Grown rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, oats, millet, peas, maize, sunflower, flax, rapeseed, potatoes, vegetables, forage crops.

Ulyanovsk oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

The Ulyanovsk oblast is one of the most important agricultural regions of Russia. In the field of cattle meat and dairy. Engaged in poultry farming, pig breeding, sheep breeding, rabbit breeding, fishery. Leading position in crop production belongs to the production of technical crops (sugar beet) and potatoes, cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats) and fodder (corn, alfalfa, sunflower) cultures.

In the region actively engaged in gardening..

Chelyabinsk oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

With clear predominance of the industry, the region has developed agriculture, especially in the area of “black earth” soil. Most large crops of wheat and other crops. In 2009, the sown area will amount to 1 million 727 thousand hectares. The farming is dairy and meat direction.

A fine-wool sheep. Around industrial sites developed agriculture, suburban-type.

Yaroslavl oblast [ edit | edit the code ]

Livestock (large dairy cattle, breeding pigs, in Tutaev, ‘shesel’skiy, Uglich areas sheep-breeding is developed for sheepskin and fur coats, breytovo breed of pigs, around the major cities â€” Yaroslavl and Rybinsk built large poultry farms); the growing dominance of fodder crops, grain crops, potatoes, industrial crops, the main of which flax, chicory, vegetables.

Russia’s agriculture.